By a coincidence, there was a connection between America and the kingdom of Mysore The American War of Independence ended freeing the British from the burden defending their American colonies.  Cornwallis who had surrendered to George Washington at the battle of York in America was hired by the East India Company and was sent to India. Using the experience in the long, hard fought battles in North America as a springboard, Cornwallis methodically laid out a plan to contain Tipu Sultan.

The Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas were lured into a tripartite alliance against Tipu. Using an incursion by Tipu’s armies into Travancore as a pretext, Cornwallis launched a sustained attack against Mysore. More than twenty thousand carts were pressed into service to carry the food and ammunition for the British army. The Nizam invaded from the North while the Marathas moved in from the North-West.  The Mysore armies fought valiantly for three long years. But the juggernaut laid out by Cornwallis worked. The allied armies surrounded Srirangapatam. The terms of peace were harsh. Tipu was forced to give almost half of his kingdom and ransom two of his children until a large indemnity was paid to the British.

Tipu Sultan knew the existential threat to India’s freedom from the British. With his indefatigable energy, he streamlined the finances of his kingdom, paid off the British, organized a navy and strengthened his army. He sent delegations to the Amir of Afghanistan, the king of Persia, the Sultan of Oman and the Ottoman Khalifa in Istanbul. When Napoleon emerged as the leader of the French Republic, Tipu Sultan started correspondence with him to launch a joint attack on the British in India. These were giant moves on the world stage.

Napoleon responded and moved with a large contingent to occupy Egypt in 1798. The British realized that Tipu was threat to their interests not just in India but their fledging international empire. No cause for war was needed and British armies from Bombay and Madras invaded Mysore along with forces of the Nizam of Hyderabad and a contingent of the Maratha armies. Outnumbered by the enemy, the Mysoreans fought bravely, effectively using the rockets which terrified the British. However, the odds were too high. Tipu fell in the Battle of Srirangapatam on May 5, 1799.

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